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Laatroes ‘n vernietigende siekte op aartappels

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Laatroes ‘n vernietigende siekte op Aartappels

 

Laatroes veroorsaak deur Phytophthora infestans, is ‘n vernietegende siekte van aartappels en kan aanplantings binne ‘n kort tyd vernietig onder gunstige weerstoestande. Die siekte kom oral voor waar aartappels en tamaties verbou word,  en is afhanklik van koel, vogtige weerstoetande

Simptome

Onder gunstige omgewingstoestande ontwikkel blaarletsels binne ‘n paar dae na infeksie en vergroot vinnig.  Die letsels is donkergroen tot bruin en onreëlmatig in vorm en grootte, dikwels met ‘n smal, ligte groen tot geel rand.  Op die onderkant van die blaar kan daar wit swamgroei voorkom op die rande van letsels veral onder vogtige toestande. Hierdie wit skimmelgroei verdwyn wanneer die humiditeit verlaag en daarmee raak die letsels nekroties.  Die hele blaar kan in die proses afsterf. Stingels en blaarpetiole kan ook besmet word en vertoon swart van kleur met ‘n waterige voorkoms.

Met aanhoudende koel, vogtige weerstoestande kan ‘n onbeskermde aanplanting binne ‘n week of twee heeltemal afsterf, veral in gevalle waar ‘n kultivar soos Up-to-Date geplant is. Knolle kan ook besmet word.

Tydens besproeiing of reën word swamspore vanaf besmette blare of stingels in die grond ingewas na die knolle toe.  Aanvanklik ontwikkel ‘n vlak, ligte rooibruin droëvrotletsel wat verder kan ontwikkel tydens opberging.  Hierdie verrotting word dikwels deur bakteriese sagtevrot gevolg, wat die knol vinnig vernietig.  Tydens koelopberging is daar minder sekondêre verrotting van laatroesbesmette knolle en sulke moere kan as ‘n bron van besmetting dien vir die volgende seisoen.

Siektesiklus

Twee paringstipes van die swam (A1 en A2) kom wêreldwyd voor wat dit in staat stel om geslagtelik voort te plant indien beide hierdie paringstipes teenwoordig is. Nuwe populasies van die swam wat meer aggressief is as die bestaande populasie kan ontstaan, indien rekombinasie tussen A1 en A2 plaasvind.

Oospore kan ook gevorm word wat die swam in staat stel om vir jare in die grond te oorleef. Navorsing in Suid Afrika het getoon dat slegs die A1 paringstipe voorkom.

Toestande wat die siekte bevorder

Toestande gunstig vir laatroesontwikkeling is ‘n 48-uur tydperk met dagtemperature tussen 15 en 24 ºC en ‘n minimum nagtemperatuur bo 10 ºC. Bewolkte toestande gepaardgaande met ‘n hoë humiditeit is ook nodig. Besmetting vind op klam plantoppervlaktes plaas.

Alternatiewe gashere

Hoofsaaklik tamatie.

Beheermaatreëls

Die suksesvolle beheer van laatroes berus op ‘n voorkomende spuitprogram. Indien laatroes eers gevestig het is dit baie moeilik om die siekte te beheer, veral as klimaatstoestande gunstig bly. ‘n Basiese riglyn is om na opkoms met ‘n kontakswamdoder te begin en dit daarna af te wissel met “sistemiese” produkte.

Rug-aan-rug bespuitings waar twee bespuitings na mekaar met dieselfde aktiewe bestandeel gespuit word, is ‘n goeie praktyk. Produkte wat met groot sukses in so ‘n program gebruik kan word is Copstar 120 SC en Fighter 350. Copstar 120 SC is ‘n voorkomende koper-produk terwyl Fighter 350 (Kalium fosfiet gebaseerde produk) die unieke einskappe het om ten volle sistemies in die plant getranslokeer te kan word. Die feit dat laatroes binne die plant “canopy” waar die humiditeit veral hoog is as stamletsels kan ontwikkel maak hierdie ‘n unieke produk om toe te dien.